An unusual cause of respiratory distress

Background: Respiratory distress is a very common presenting complaint in children and neonates, and is one that will regularly face healthcare professionals. A thorough clinical assessment and sound appreciation of the broad range of differential diagnoses is key to enabling effective and subsequent targeted investigation and management of the condition. Bronchogenic cysts, while rare, are one of the most common mediastinal masses encountered in the neonate. The clinical presentation of bronchogenic cysts is variable, however in the neonate they often present with respiratory distress shortly after birth. Radiological appearances are rarely conclusive, with histology required for a definitive diagnosis. Case: Presented here is a case of a term infant who developed respiratory distress shortly after birth that required intubation and ventilation. Antenatal ultrasound demonstrated a persistent posterior mediastinal cystic structure. Investigations: Chest radiographs obtained shortly after birth revealed a smooth, well-defined homogenous mediastinal mass, with left lung hyperinflation. Subsequent computed tomography confirmed that the mass was closely related to the trachea anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly, displacing both of these structures to the right. Differential diagnosis: Differential diagnosis was of an oesophageal duplication cyst or bronchogenic cyst. Treatment: After stabilisation on the neonatal intensive care unit, the infant was transferred to a tertiary centre for definitive management. Thoracotomy was performed, and histopathology of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. Outcome and follow up: The infant made an uneventful recovery, and was discharged 17 days post-operatively. She has since been discharged from formal follow up and displays no respiratory complications. Discussion: This case serves as a reminder to the reader that, although uncommon, bronchogenic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly when assessing the newborn infant with respiratory distress. As such, it provides an important educative value. It also serves to highlight the importance of careful radiographic imaging and interpretation. While often not diagnostic, when used in conjunction with good clinical assessment, imaging can help to narrow the differential diagnosis and subsequently focus the investigation and management

The attitudes of neonatologists towards extremely preterm infants: a Q methodological study

The attitudes and biases of doctors may affect decision making within Neonatal Intensive Care. We studied the attitudes of neonatologists in order to understand how they prioritise different factors contributing to decision making for extremely preterm babies

Parental experience of interaction with healthcare professionals during their infant's stay in the neonatal intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of parents of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit towards interaction with healthcare professionals during their infants critical care. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of critically ill infants admitted to neonatal intensive care and prospectively enrolled in a study of communication in critical care decision making. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and uploaded into NVivo V.10 to manage and facilitate data analysis. Thematic analysis identified themes representing the data. RESULTS: Nineteen interviews conducted with 14 families identified 4 themes: (1) initial impact of admission affecting transition into the neonatal unit; (2) impact of consistency of care, care givers and information giving; (3) impact of communication in facilitating or hindering parental autonomy, trust, parental expectations and interactions; (4) parental perception of respect and humane touches on the neonatal unit. CONCLUSION: Factors including the context of infant admission, interprofessional consistency, humane touches of staff and the transition into the culture of the neonatal unit are important issues for parents. These issues warrant further investigation to facilitate individualised family needs, attachment between parents and their baby and the professional team

Cerebral blood flow and oximetry response to blood transfusion in relation to chronological age in preterm infants

OBJECTIVE: Preterm infants frequently receive blood transfusion (BT) and the aim of this study was to measure the effect of BT on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in preterm infants in relation to chronological age. PATIENTS: Preterm infants undergoing intensive care recruited to three chronological age groups: 1 to 7 (Group 1; n=20), 8 to 28 (Group 2; n=21) & ≥29days of life (Group 3; n=18). METHODS: Pre and post-BT anterior cerebral artery (ACA) time averaged mean velocity (TAMV) and superior vena cava (SVC) flow were measured. Cerebral Tissue Haemoglobin Index (cTHI) and Oxygenation Index (cTOI) were measured from 15-20min before to 15-20min post-BT using NIRS. Vital parameters and blood pressure were measured continuously. RESULTS: Mean BP increased significantly, and there was no significant change in vital parameters following BT. Pre-BT ACA TAMV was higher in Group 2 and 3 compared to Group 1 (p<0.001). Pre-BT ACA TAMV decreased significantly (p≤0.04) in all 3 groups; pre-BT SVC flow decreased significantly in Group 1 (p=0.03) and Group 3 (p<0.001) following BT. Pre-BT cTOI was significantly lower in Group 3 compared to Group 1 (p=0.02). cTHI (p<0.001) and cTOI (p<0.05) increased significantly post-BT in all three groups. PDA had no effect on these measurements. CONCLUSION: Baseline cTOI decreases and ACA TAMV increases with increasing chronological age. Blood transfusion increased cTOI and cTHI and decreased ACA TAMV in all groups. PDA had no impact on the baseline cerebral oximetry and blood flow as well as changes following blood transfusion

Biomarkers of gut injury in neonates – where are we in predicting necrotising enterocolitis?

Despite advances in neonatal care Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) continues to have a significant mortality and morbidity rate, and with increasing survival of those more immature infants the population at risk of NEC is increasing. Ischaemia, reperfusion, and inflammation underpin diseases affecting intestinal blood flow causing gut injury including Necrotising Enterocolitis. There is increasing interest in tissue biomarkers of gut injury in neonates, particularly those representing changes in intestinal wall barrier and permeability, to determine whether these could be useful biomarkers of gut injury. This article reviews current and newly proposed markers of gut injury, the available literature evidence, recent advances and considers how effective they are in clinical practice. We discuss each biomarker in terms of its effectiveness in predicting NEC onset and diagnosis or predicting NEC severity and then those that will aid in surveillance and identifying those infants are greatest risk of developing NEC

Attitudes About Extremely Preterm Birth Among Obstetric and Neonatal Health Care Professionals in England: A Qualitative Study

Importance: Variation in attitudes between health care professionals involved in the counseling of parents facing extremely preterm birth (<24 wk gestational age) may lead to parental confusion and professional misalignment. Objective: To explore the attitudes of health care professionals involved in the counseling of parents facing preterm birth on the treatment of extremely preterm infants. Design, Setting, and Participants: This qualitative study used Q methods to explore the attitudes of neonatal nurses, neonatologists, midwives, and obstetricians involved in the care of extremely preterm infants in 4 UK National Health Service perinatal centers between February 10, 2020, and April 30, 2021. Each participating center had a tertiary level neonatal unit and maternity center. Individuals volunteered participation through choosing to complete the study following a presentation by researchers at each center. A link to the online Q study was emailed to all potential participants by local principal investigators. Participants ranked 53 statements about the treatment of extremely preterm infants in an online quasi-normal distribution grid from strongly agree (6) to strongly disagree (-6). Main Outcomes and Measures: Distinguishing factors per professional group (representing different attitudes) identified through by-person factor analysis of Q sort-data were the primary outcome. Areas of shared agreement (consensus) between professional groups were also explored. Q sorts achieving a factor loading of greater than 0.46 (P < .01) on a given factor were included. Results: In total, 155 health care professionals volunteered participation (128 [82.6%] women; mean [SD] age, 41.6 [10.2] years, mean [SD] experience, 14.1 [9.6] years). Four distinguishing factors were identified between neonatal nurses, 3 for midwives, 5 for neonatologists, and 4 for obstetricians. Analysis of factors within and between professional groups highlighted significant variation in attitudes of professionals toward parental engagement in decision-making, the perceived importance of potential disability in decision-making, and the use of medical technology. Areas of consensus highlighted that most professionals disagreed with statements suggesting disability equates to reduced quality of life. The statement suggesting the parents' decision was considered the most important when considering neonatal resuscitation was placed in the neutral (middistribution) position by all professionals. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this qualitative study suggest that parental counseling at extremely low gestations is a complex scenario further complicated by the differences in attitudes within and between professional disciplines toward treatment approaches. The development of multidisciplinary training encompassing all professional groups may facilitate a more consistent and individualized approach toward parental engagement in decision-making

Could Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) be the new weapon in our fight against Necrotising Enterocolitis?

There is no ideal single gut tissue or inflammatory biomarker available to help to try and identify Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) before its clinical onset. Neonatologists are all too familiar with the devastating consequences of NEC, and despite many advances in neonatal care the mortality and morbidity associated with NEC remains significant. In this article we review Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as a method of measuring regional gut tissue oxygenation. We discuss its current and potential future applications, including considering its effectiveness as a possible new weapon in the early identification of NEC

Short-term outcome of treatment limitation discussions for newborn infants, a multicentre prospective observational cohort study

Objective To determine the short-term outcomes of babies for whom clinicians or parents discussed the limitation of life-sustaining treatment (LST). Design Prospective multicentre observational study. Setting Two level 3, six level 2 and one level 1 neonatal units in the North-East London Neonatal Network. Participants A total of 87 babies including 68 for whom limiting LST was discussed with parents and 19 babies died without discussion of limiting LST in the labour ward or neonatal unit. Outcome measures Final decision reached after discussions about limiting LST and neonatal unit outcomes (death or survived to discharge) for babies. Results Withdrawing LST, withholding LST and do not resuscitate (DNR) order was discussed with 48, 16 and 4 parents, respectively. In 49/68 (72%) cases decisions occurred in level 3 and 19 cases in level 2 units. Following the initial discussions, 34/68 parents made the decision to continue LST. In 33/68 cases, a second opinion was obtained. The parents of 14/48 and 2/16 babies did not agree to withdraw and withhold LST, respectively. Forty-seven out of 87 babies (54%) died following limitation of LST, 28/87 (32%) died receiving full intensive care support, 5/87 (6%) survived following a decision to limit LST and 7/87 (8%) babies survived following decision to continue LST. Conclusions A significant proportion of parents chose to continue treatment following discussions regarding limiting LST for their babies, and a proportion of these babies survived to neonatal unit discharge. The long-term outcomes of babies who survive following limiting LST discussion need to be investigated

Effect of blood transfusion on intestinal blood flow and oxygenation in extremely preterm infants during first week of life

BACKGROUND: Extremely preterm infants receive frequent blood transfusions in the first week of life. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of blood transfusion on intestinal blood flow and oxygenation during the first week of life in extremely preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) and diastolic velocities were measured 30 to 60 minutes before and after transfusion. Splanchnic tissue hemoglobin index (sTHI), splanchnic tissue oxygenation index (sTOI), and splanchnic fractional tissue oxygen extraction (sFTOE) were measured continuously from 15 to 20 minutes before to after transfusion along with vital variables. RESULTS: Twenty infants were studied (median gestational age, 26 weeks). Ten infants were partially fed (15-68 mL/kg/day). Heart rate and SaO2 remained unaltered; blood pressure increased significantly (p < 0.01) after transfusion. Mean SMA PSV (p = 0.63) and diastolic velocity (p = 0.65) remained unaltered. Mean pretransfusion SMA PSV was similar in partially fed (0.78 m/sec) compared to unfed infants (0.52 m/sec; p = 0.06) and the response to transfusion was not dissimilar. There was a significant increase in sTHI (mean difference, 32.3%; p < 0.01) and sTOI (14.6%; p = 0.03) and decrease in sFTOE (22.1%; p < 0.01) after transfusion. There was no significant difference in sTHI or sTOI between fed and unfed infants and their response to transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Blood transfusion increased blood pressure and intestinal tissue oxygenation but did not alter blood flow velocities. Partial feeding had no impact on intestinal blood flow and tissue oxygenation changes